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This article will take an in depth look at gasket materials.
You will understand more about topics such as:
Gasket materials are the critical element in the manufacture of gaskets and determine the type of function of a gasket as well as the conditions under which it can be used. The purpose of gaskets is to prevent leakage, seal connections, and block contaminants from entering a critical process.
Pressure and temperature are the determining factors in regard to the choice of gasket materials as well as its compatibility with an application. The correct choice of material ensures that a process will function properly and efficiently without need for maintenance or repair.
The different materials are going to be discussed in the succeeding sections.
When choosing a gasket material or building a custom gasket, there are a wide variety of options. Some of the popular categories for gasket materials include:
Solid materials are typically an alternative to sponge materials. They have the advantage of giving the gasket more durability and a longer lifespan. The lifespan of a solid gasket can be two times longer than that of a sponge material. Moreover, solid materials can withstand a higher compression force than a sponge and are thus recommended in applications that need to handle high compression forces.
Forming processes such as waterjet cutting, die cutting, and CNC cutting can be used to form solid materials into gaskets. These solid materials have the capabilities of being three dimensionally molded.
Some of the solid materials used in forming gaskets include:
Gaskets designed from solid silicone are primarily used in outdoor applications. They are applied where the physical properties of the environment are not as critical. However, resistance to extreme temperatures would still be needed. Examples include applications prone to degradation from sunlight exposure.
Gaskets made from fluorosilicone can be used in the same conditions as silicone, although they have another advantage of chemical resistance. Resistance to chemicals like fuels and oils and resistance to extreme temperatures make fluorosilicone best suited for application in fuel delivery in automotive and aerospace industries. Fluorosilicone costs more than the silicone because of the added advantages.
Gaskets made from nitrile are meant for industrial applications with environmental extremes and high wear. Nitrile is a tough and durable material that also has resistance to chemicals such as oils and fuels. Other versions of nitrile can be used in food and agricultural applications.
Gaskets made from neoprene are more cost effective when compared to fluorosilicone and silicone. Neoprene is best suited for applications that need resistance to liquids like oil and water. Neoprene also has high resilience and elasticity, which makes it withstand elongation and tear better than silicones. It also has fatigue and abrasion resistance.
Gaskets made from Peroxide Cured EPDM are applied widely using rubbers with good weather, water, ozone, and UV resistance. As the Peroxide Cured EPDM is cured, heat stability makes the Peroxide Cured EPDM resistant to steam and extreme temperatures. The Peroxide Cured EPDM is less costly when compared to silicone depending on applications. However, Peroxide Cured EPDM is not best suited in applications prone to oil.
Butyl is a synthetically made rubber that is resistant to chemicals and oils. It resists moisture and does not allow gasses to escape. Butyl is commonly applied in medical and aerospace applications.
The fluoroelastomer is the premium choice of solid materials as it provides synergized benefits for all solid materials. Some of the benefits include resistance to chemicals and extreme temperatures. However, it is more costly than all the other solid materials. It is mostly applied in the aerospace industry, which needs all these properties.
Fluorocarbon gaskets have a flat cross section and are reusable for non-critical applications. They are widely used for applications that require frequent reassembly. Fluorocarbon gaskets are an alternative to copper gaskets and used to seal conflat flanges. They are not used for high temperature applications since they lose their strength with increased temperatures.
Gaskets made from sponge materials are mostly employed when low compressional forces. Sponge materials are the choice when:
Thus, sponge materials make these housings less affected by compressional forces. They are sometimes preferred over solid materials due to their UL flame ratings. As an example, a silicone sponge material at UL94V-0 flame rating is easier to find when compared to solid silicone.
In applications that need compressible and soft material, silicone sponges are a preferred option for padding and gasketting. Silicone sponge has extreme temperature resistance and is therefore best suited for outdoor applications. Its closed cells are not interconnected and can prevent absorption of water and provide an excellent compression set. Out of all the silicone materials, the silicone sponge has the longest life. It can be available in extra firm, firm, medium and soft densities.
In applications that require a compliant and soft material, neoprene blend is the best choice for gasket applications. It is a much cheaper option than solid rubber and many other sponge materials. Its applications include shock absorption, weatherstripping, thermal barrier, and for basic sealing in industries. Neoprene blend has closed cells that are not interconnected, making it impermeable to absorb water. The sponge rubber can be available in extra firm, firm, medium and soft densities.
The EPDM sponge has the same benefits as the neoprene blend. However, its resistance to ozone is greater, making it best suited in environments where exposure to ozone is a challenge. This makes it more expensive when compared to the neoprene blend.
Foam materials are similar to sponge materials in that they are recommended for use in applications that require low compressional forces. They, however, offer lower compressional forces in comparison to sponge materials. Foams are generally less expensive when compared to solid or sponge materials. They are used to provide a simple seal from the duct and primary air. They do not provide a genuine environmental seal. They are best suited where a basic seal of two materials is needed and not for critical applications outdoors.
The cellular silicone foams have extreme temperature resistance. They are employed in applications that require resilience in cushioning, sealing, vibration and insulation. They can be found in six varieties which range from ultra soft to extra firm.
The filter foams are custom designed to Filter out dust. Filter foams permit air to Flow in and out of the system yet keep out dust. They are mostly used in electronic applications where dust is undesirable.
Polyurethane foams can be used broadly in gasketing, energy absorption, and sealing. They are less costly when compared to silicone foams. They also have a low compression set. Polyurethane foams can be available in a variety of densities and firmness within each formulation.
Polyolefin is an inexpensive material in basic gasket making. It is mostly selected as a space filler to prevent two sides of a part from touching.
The form in place is mostly used where a very small gasket is needed. The small gasket may be difficult to die cut and assemble. Such small gaskets are flimsy to manage and elongate time and effort in assembling. In such cases, form in place gaskets are selected to reduce assembly cost. The gasket is dispensed into the unit and cured. FIP materials are typically used in electronic devices due to their size.
Silicone sealants and adhesives cure upon exposure to ambient humidity. They have good sealing properties and set well in the majority of ozone, weather, and compression conditions with electrical insulation properties. Silicone sealant can be applied on overhead, vertical, and horizontal surfaces depending on the viscosities.
When uncured, silicone is capable of adhering to small objects as it cures. When applied in FIP, silicone has high temperature performance but low temperature flexibility. It has a wide range of applications due to it being readily available.
These get used when lead time and production are a priority. UV Materials do not need much curing time after dispensing as silicone does. This makes the turn around faster. UV materials are preferred where high volume and high throughput production are prioritized.
EMI materials are the most popular type of FIP gaskets used in various applications. They meet the requirements of the EMI applications and are best suited when precise and small gaskets are needed. EMI materials can shield between two gasket sides and can be used in satellites, aerospace, and test equipment.
This involves using EMI materials to shield between the two areas of a part or product.
Silicone extrusions merge two types of gaskets i.e. EMI shielding and environmental seal into one product. It has a thin shield that is electrically conductive and is co-extruded on a silicone rubber base. They are a good option when there is a need to put a gasket into a grove. In cases where the grove is too small for extrusion, then FIP dispensing is more preferred. Extrusion yields a lower compression force because it is softer when compared to FFIP dispensing.
EMI shielding silicone products are conductive as they have a conductive filler which can be nickel, copper, or aluminum. It is very flexible and can fit many designs and sizes, although it is not best suited for harsh environments such as sunlight or caustic chemicals. Such harsh environments can impair the shielding and sealing. Therefore, it is mostly used as connector gaskets or on print circuit boards or electronics.
These materials are used in dissipating heat in a component. The selection of the thermal interface material depends on the amount of power output over a time frame. Silicone is widely used for this type of gasket due to its high temperature capabilities. The right conductivity of the material needs to be chosen in order to dissipate the required heat. The more the heat dissipates, the more costly the material is. As with fluorosilicone, silicone materials may have cloth inserts to enhance their tear resistance.
From the different gasket materials available,some are most commonly used. This is because they pose unique characteristics favorable for respective applications. These include:
These are very lightweight and stable materials which can resist penetration by water. They have good compressibility, no lateral flow, and high resistance to oil. The cork is resistant to wear and is not affected by high temperatures.
These combine granulated cork and synthetically made rubber polymers. They have a high resilience and flexibility of rubber and compressibility of cork. Additionally, the rubber can provide chemical compatibility, sealant properties, and resist weather conditions and acids. A wide range of rubber gasket materials can be chosen based on chemical resistance requirements.
These are available as sponge, foam, or solid. Regardless of the state, their characteristics include stability at high temperatures, general inertness, and resilience. Some benefits of silicone include:
However, the most common drawback of silicone is that it is not best suited for numerous hydrocarbons and steam.
Natural rubber has excellent recovery properties. It also has great resistance to most inorganic salts, alkalis, and mild acids. It is, however, not suitable for oils and solvents or when exposed to ozone, oxygen, or sunlight.
One of the special properties of natural rubber gaskets is its resistance to the effects of ultraviolet light, which makes them ideal for outdoor use.
Urethanes have excellent aging and abrasion characteristics, although they are not best suited for extreme temperatures. Some of the characteristics of urethanes include:
This has excellent resistance to UV and ozone, good tear strength, and strong resilience though it can be damaged easily by petroleum based fuels. Some of the characteristics include:
As previously discussed, there are different gasket materials available in the industry. Each of them can be used to meet certain criteria. For the different gasket materials, the formulations and grades can be made from different materials.
Rubber’s formulations and grades can be used in a wide range of applications depending on operating and environmental conditions.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These are used in molding operations such as transfer molding, compression molding, and injection molding. They create gaskets in different sizes and shapes.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
This has cells that are separated fully from the other surrounding cells in order to prevent fluid intrusion.
Closed-cell sponge rubbers are available in densities that range from soft, medium to hard. Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
This has interconnected cells that permit liquids, gasses, and other fluids to pass through. Open-cell sponge rubbers are available in five density levels that range from soft to extra firm.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These consist of non-asbestos fibers, which can be aramid or fiberglass, merged with rubber. The formulation yields a better pressure and temperature performance.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
Cork has high flexibility and compressibility. A combination of cork and rubber, for example neoprene or nitrile, yields a gasket resistant to solvents, oils, and fuels.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These materials do not have electrical conductivity and are used in electrical applications.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These are materials used in protecting electronic and electrical devices from radio frequency and electromagnetic interference.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
Fiber consists of a variety of fiber-based materials which include insulating fiber, cellulose fiber, synthetic fiber and vegetable fiber.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These are all the materials formed by gas trapped within separate or interconnected cells in a solid or liquid.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
This is a material based on wool and is formed by exposing it to heat, moisture, and pressure.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
Flexible graphite gaskets have superior compressive strength and recovery with very little creep. Three common types of graphite gasket sheets are reinforced (tanged, metal, metal foil, or polymer inserted), pure, and laminated with some varieties of laminated gaskets available with an adhesive backed. Flexible graphite gaskets are resistant to a wide variety of chemicals and are used in cryogenic applications and high temperature applications of 800°F up to 850°F with special grades able to withstand temperatures up to 1000°F (continuous). In oxygen free environments, gaskets are capable of sealing up to 5400°F. They provide a high performance seal in extreme conditions such as high pressure and high temperature applications.
Although flexible graphite gaskets have very low mechanical strength, they can be reinforced by being combined with fiberglass or layers of various metals such as stainless steel, nickel, Inconel, or aluminum and fabrics like fiberglass or polymer films. Much like rubber, flexible graphite gaskets have excellent compressive strength and good recovery.
Some of the grades of flexible graphite sheets include:
Aside from its high temperature, pressure, and chemical resistance, flexible graphite acts as a heat spreader with excellent thermal conductivity. Additionally, it performs as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield to suppress unwanted noise and electrical currents.
The exceptional quality of flexible graphite makes it ideal for several types of high temperature applications that require a tight seal in critical conditions such as aerospace engines, heavy truck exhausts, and steam power plants. It is ideal as a sealing material for valves in addition to its thermal heat transfer or dissipation properties.
Flexible graphite is a material that is commonly used in a wide array of products and applications. Each flexible graphite gasket manufacturer has their own unique methods for identifying and classifying their products and have information and data that assist in finding the flexible graphite sheets that can exactly fit an application.
These polymers have their characteristics enhanced by mixing them with other substances. Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
These are materials that can withstand exposure to extreme temperatures.
Some of the materials used in the formulations and grades include:
Spiral wound gaskets are capable of withstanding high temperatures and pressures as well as prevent leaks. They consist of an outer ring, inner ring, and sealing material.
There are many machines available to produce various materials suitable as gasket materials, such as rubber, cork, silicone, and fiber-based materials. These machines are important in today's society because they enable the efficient and precise manufacturing of gaskets, which are critical components used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing to provide sealing and prevent leakage, ensuring the integrity and reliability of equipment and systems. Below, we discuss various brands that offer machines used for producing gasket materials, available in the United States and Canada.
The FlashCut Gasket Cutting System from Atom FlashCut has likely gained popularity due to its precise cutting capabilities, versatile software, and the ability to handle a wide range of gasket materials. These features allow for efficient and accurate production, making it a preferred choice for gasket manufacturers.
Dieffenbacher's Fiberforge machine combines extrusion and lamination processes to produce gasket materials with continuous lengths, customized profiles, and excellent sealing properties. This innovative approach and the resulting high-quality output have contributed to its popularity.
The Zemat RCE Gasket Cutting Machine by Zemat Technology Group has become popular due to its efficiency, high cutting speed, and accuracy, allowing gasket manufacturers to optimize their production processes and meet demanding requirements.
Sutherland Presses offers gasket-specific compression molding presses, which have gained popularity for their precise control over temperature, pressure, and molding time. The ability to consistently produce high-quality gaskets with excellent sealing properties has made these machines sought after in the industry.
The Rolmacon Gasket Die Cutting Machine from Rolmacon Global Ltd is likely popular due to its accurate and efficient die cutting capabilities. By enabling high productivity and customization, this machine can meet the demands of gasket manufacturers seeking speed, accuracy, and flexibility.
Please note that specific models and features may have evolved since this last update. It is advisable to consult the respective manufacturers or industry resources for the most up-to-date information on the latest models and capabilities of machines used for producing gasket materials in the United States and Canada.
Most of the materials discussed previously can be available with or without the pressure sensitive adhesive backing. Adding a pressure sensitive adhesive backing minimizes time and labor requirements when installing gaskets. It is, however, not recommended in applications such as:
Several considerations should be kept in mind when choosing a gasket material appropriately for an intended application. These key considerations include:
Pressure: the pressure range that the gasket should withstand.
Temperature: the temperature range that the gasket should withstand.
Ozone and UV exposure: how exposed will the gasket be to ozone and UV radiation.
Media: will the gasket be exposed to corrosive or abrasive fluids.
Product standards: are there any specific product requirements within the industry.
Industry standards: are there any industry-specific standards affecting the choice of gaskets.
Temperature considerations are typically the starting point when choosing a gasket material. This is because of its ability to change the material’s characteristics, including sealing properties, compression set, and maximum stress it can withstand. Internal and external temperatures are important to consider because gaskets exposed to direct sunlight can experience internal temperatures that can go beyond 140 degrees. On the contrary, if the gasket is exposed to freezing temperatures, it can become stiff or brittle and make it more prone to failing. If gaskets experience back and forth cycling from cold to warm alternately, it can end up having a high compression set.
UV and ozone exposure can cause rubber gaskets to degrade. The atmosphere is not the only source of ozone. Electrical enclosures that have electrical components at high voltage can also be a source of ozone. UV and ozone can have the backbone polymers’ carbon bonds broken down, resulting in drying, hardening, scaling, cracking, and flaking. Organic rubber gaskets such as Buna-Nitrile, natural rubber, and synthetic isoprene break down quicker. Silicone and EPDM are the two materials that can better resist UV.
Joints are prone to deformation when pressure is exerted onto a system. Thus, the choice of a gasket material that can withstand such pressure is critical. Some contemporary gaskets now have a PxT rating factor that advises on the pressure and temperature maximum limits.
Industries such as automotive, aerospace, consumer, and electronics industries are obliged to adhere to product standards of the Federal EMI. Components and internal wires can emit EMI and can function as emitting antennas. In controlling EMI radiation, electronic components are encased in conductive enclosures. The lid and the enclosure should have complete contact. Therefore, it is critical to choose an appropriate conductive gasket. The gaskets can be a source of EMI attenuation and environmental sealing.
The media which the gasket will be exposed to is an important consideration. Generally, a liquid is much easier to seal compared to a gas. This can be considered once the temperature and pressure ranges have been decided on. There are chemicals that can affect the structural integrity and functional properties of the material. Thus, the gasket’s chemical resistance is vital. This has to be considered in relation to the temperature effect on the chemical resistance. Some fluids are aggressive when exposed to certain temperatures. Thus, fluids sealed at an ambient temperature may not yield the same performance at higher temperatures.
Gaskets are used as mechanical seals to prevent process fluids from escaping or contaminants from entering the delicate areas. Each given system has its best suited gasket, and it is critical to make the right gasket choice for each. A balance between the different considerations of gasket selection should be struck.
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